What is an Operating System (OS)?

A type of system software that manages hardware, runs application software, and provides a user interface

A hardware component that runs inside the CPU

An application software used for word processing

A network device that connects computers to the Internet

As the central system controller, the OS decides all of the following EXCEPT:

Which website the user should open

Which task should be done first

How the computer's memory is used

Which devices should be active at a given time

Why does the OS act as a translator?

Because computer hardware cannot understand human language directly

Because users speak many different languages

Because the internet uses different protocols

Because programs are written in English

In a multi-user environment, the OS ensures all of the following EXCEPT:

Automatic upgrade of computer hardware

Creation and management of separate user accounts

Keeping each user's files private

Fair sharing of system resources

Which are the three account types mentioned in the book for modern OS like Windows?

Standard, Administrative, Guest

In a school computer lab, why is each student given a separate username and password?

To keep each student's work separate and private

To slow down other students' work

So the school can charge fees per student

Which statement best describes how the OS handles a click on an icon?

The OS changes the click into instructions the hardware can understand

The click is ignored until the user retries

The click is sent directly to the CPU without processing

The click is stored in a file for later use

What does the architecture of an operating system describe?

The way its parts are organized and how they work together

The physical shape of the computer's motherboard

The colour scheme of the desktop wallpaper

The list of installed applications

The book compares the architecture of an OS to:

A school with different departments that perform specific duties but work together

What is the shell in an operating system?

The outer part of the OS that interacts with the user

The physical case of the computer

In the school analogy for OS layers, who represents the LOWER layer?

The support staff (guards and cleaners)

What are system libraries?

Collections of ready-made instructions that programs can use to perform common tasks

Physical shelves inside the computer

Websites for downloading software

What are device drivers?

Programs that let the OS communicate with hardware devices such as printers, keyboards, and graphics cards

People who deliver computer parts

During termination, what does the operating system do with the resources of the finished process?

Frees them so they can be used by other processes

In the Google Chrome lifecycle example, when does Creation begin?

When the user clicks the browser icon

When the operating system boots up

When the browser downloads an update

The book compares concurrency to:

A chef preparing three dishes, moving between them rapidly

In scheduling, the operating system must decide:

Which process should run first, and how long each process should run

According to the book, which characteristic of FCFS is illustrated by P3 having to wait even though it needs only 2 seconds?

Shorter tasks can be delayed if they arrive after longer ones

FCFS always favours the shortest process

FCFS runs all processes in parallel

What is the "convoy effect" mentioned in the book?

Short processes waiting a long time when queued behind longer processes in FCFS

A special feature of multitasking

The CPU processing multiple processes at once

According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, the CPU in your computer can switch between processes:

Millions of times in just one second

According to the book, what is the purpose of memory in a computer system?

To store data and instructions required for processing

To display graphics on the screen

In the book's example, what happens when you open a Word document?

The computer places the program and the document into RAM so the CPU can work on them right away

The computer copies it to a USB drive

The document is emailed to a backup server

When does the operating system use virtual memory?

When the user requests it manually

Which of the following can be used as virtual memory according to the book?

Hard drives, solid-state drives (SSD), or Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)

Why can using virtual memory reduce system performance?

Storage drives operate at lower data transfer speeds and have higher access times as compared to RAM

Storage drives are faster than RAM

Virtual memory uses more electricity

Virtual memory heats up the CPU

When several programs are open simultaneously, the operating system may:

Transfer data from less active programs to virtual memory

Close some programs automatically

Transfer data from active programs to virtual memory

Class 10 · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 MCQs with answers: Operating Systems: Structure and Services

109 MCQs from 9 sections, each with the correct answer.

92 short and long questions of this chapter

1.1 Introduction to Operating System (OS)

1.
Which is NOT an example of an operating system?
1. a)Linux
2. b)Windows
3. c)Photoshop Correct answer
4. d)macOS
Explanation
Book answer key: "c) - Photoshop". From the book: "Operating System (OS) is a type of system software that manages hardware, runs application software, and provides a user interface like Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS, along with their basic roles." Linux, Windows and macOS are in this list; Photoshop is not.
2.
In multi-user environments, the OS ensures:
1. a)Equal access and data privacy Correct answer
2. b)All users share the same files
3. c)Hardware is never used
4. d)Internet speed is increased
Explanation
Book answer key: "a) - Equal access and data privacy". From the book: "The operating system ensures:" ... "Keeps each user's files and information private." and "Shares the computer's resources fairly so that no one slows down the systems functionalities."
3.
In Windows, user accounts can be created via:
1. a)Task Manager
2. b)Control Panel or Settings Correct answer
3. c)Disk Management
4. d)BIOS settings
Explanation
Book answer key: "b) - Control Panel or Settings". From the book: "In most modern OS like Windows, a new account can be created through the Settings or Control Panel by selecting User Accounts, choosing Add New User, and entering details like username, password, and account type(Standard, Administrative, Guest)."
4.
What is an Operating System (OS)?
1. a)A hardware component that runs inside the CPU
2. b)A type of system software that manages hardware, runs application software, and provides a user interface Correct answer
3. c)An application software used for word processing
4. d)A network device that connects computers to the Internet
Explanation
From the book: "Operating System (OS) is a type of system software that manages hardware, runs application software, and provides a user interface like Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS, along with their basic roles."
5.
The book compares the operating system to a:
1. a)Post office
2. b)Traffic controller Correct answer
3. c)Library
4. d)Radio station
Explanation
From the book: "An operating system works like a traffic controller for the computer."
6.
As the central system controller, the OS decides all of the following EXCEPT:
1. a)Which task should be done first
2. b)How the computer's memory is used
3. c)Which devices should be active at a given time
4. d)Which website the user should open Correct answer
Explanation
From the book: "It decides which task should be done first, how the computer's memory is used, and which devices (like a printer or speakers) should be active at a given time." Choosing a website is not in this list.
7.
Why does the OS act as a translator?
1. a)Because computer hardware cannot understand human language directly Correct answer
2. b)Because users speak many different languages
3. c)Because the internet uses different protocols
4. d)Because programs are written in English
Explanation
From the book: "Computer hardware cannot understand human language directly. The operating system acts as a translator between the user and the hardware system."
8.
When you press the letter A on a keyboard, the operating system converts it into which binary code?
1. a)01000000
2. b)01000001 Correct answer
3. c)10000001
4. d)11000001
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW box: "The letter A in binary is (01000001)₂."
9.
In a multi-user environment, the OS ensures all of the following EXCEPT:
1. a)Creation and management of separate user accounts
2. b)Keeping each user's files private
3. c)Fair sharing of system resources
4. d)Automatic upgrade of computer hardware Correct answer
Explanation
From the book, the operating system ensures: "The creation and management of separate user accounts.", "Keeps each user's files and information private.", "Shares the computer's resources fairly so that no one slows down the systems functionalities." and "Protect shared resources from unauthorized access." Upgrading hardware is not in this list.
10.
Which are the three account types mentioned in the book for modern OS like Windows?
1. a)Standard, Administrative, Guest Correct answer
2. b)Owner, Editor, Viewer
3. c)Root, User, Public
4. d)Manager, Worker, Visitor
Explanation
From the book: "account type(Standard, Administrative, Guest)."
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11.
In a school computer lab, why is each student given a separate username and password?
1. a)To slow down other students' work
2. b)To keep each student's work separate and private Correct answer
3. c)So the internet is faster
4. d)So the school can charge fees per student
Explanation
From the book: "In computer lab, students login with a username and password provided by the school. This keeps each student's work separate and private."
12.
Computers understand:
1. a)Only English text
2. b)Only Urdu text
3. c)Only binary language (0 and 1) Correct answer
4. d)Any human language directly
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW box: "Humans speak languages like Urdu or English, whereas computers understand only binary language, or ON and Off switch i.e. 0 and 1."
13.
Which statement best describes how the OS handles a click on an icon?
1. a)The click is ignored until the user retries
2. b)The OS changes the click into instructions the hardware can understand Correct answer
3. c)The click is sent directly to the CPU without processing
4. d)The click is stored in a file for later use
Explanation
From the book: "When you click an icon or type something, the OS changes those actions into instructions that the hardware can understand. This allows people to use computers easily without learning how the hardware works."

1.2 Architecture of an Operating System

14.
The core part of the OS that interacts directly with hardware is the:
1. a)Shell
2. b)Kernel Correct answer
3. c)Device Driver
4. d)System Library
Explanation
Book answer key: "b) - Kernel". From the book: "The kernel is the core part of the operating system, that directly controls the computer's system software and hardware such as the CPU, memory, and devices, as shown in Figure 1.1."
15.
A graphical shell allows the user to:
1. a)Type commands only
2. b)Click icons and use menus Correct answer
3. c)Interact only via code
4. d)Access only the BIOS
Explanation
Book answer key: "b) - Click icons and use menus". From the book: "Graphical shells (like Windows desktop) where you click icons and use menus."
16.
What does the architecture of an operating system describe?
1. a)The physical shape of the computer's motherboard
2. b)The way its parts are organized and how they work together Correct answer
3. c)The colour scheme of the desktop wallpaper
4. d)The list of installed applications
Explanation
From the book: "The architecture of an operating system is the way how its parts are organized and how they work together."
17.
The book compares the architecture of an OS to:
1. a)A single classroom
2. b)A school with different departments that perform specific duties but work together Correct answer
3. c)A cricket team
4. d)A traffic signal
Explanation
From the book: "just like a school has different departments that perform specific duties but work together for the smooth working of the school."
18.
In the book's car analogy, what is compared to the kernel?
1. a)The steering wheel
2. b)The dashboard
3. c)The engine Correct answer
4. d)The seats
Explanation
From the book: "Like Engine of a car is kernel and accessories like steering wheel, dashboard are shells."
19.
What is the shell in an operating system?
1. a)The physical case of the computer
2. b)The outer part of the OS that interacts with the user Correct answer
3. c)A type of malware
4. d)A hardware component
Explanation
From the book: "The shell is the outer part of the OS that interacts with the user."
20.
Which of the following is a graphical shell?
1. a)Command Prompt
2. b)Terminal
3. c)Windows desktop Correct answer
4. d)BIOS
Explanation
From the book: "Graphical shells (like Windows desktop) where you click icons and use menus."
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21.
Command-line shells are places where the user:
1. a)Clicks icons and uses menus
2. b)Types instructions Correct answer
3. c)Uses voice commands
4. d)Swipes gestures
Explanation
From the book: "Command-line shells (like the Command Prompt or Terminal) are where you type instructions."
22.
In an OS design divided into layers, which layer works DIRECTLY with the hardware?
1. a)Upper layer
2. b)Middle layer
3. c)Lower layer Correct answer
4. d)Application layer
Explanation
From the book: "Lower layer work directly with hardware devices like the CPU, RAM, storage and Hard drive."
23.
Which layer runs applications and provides the interface that the user views on the screen?
1. a)Lower layer
2. b)Middle layer
3. c)Upper layer Correct answer
4. d)Hidden layer
Explanation
From the book: "Upper layer run applications and provide the interface that the user views on the screen."
24.
In the school analogy for OS layers, who represents the LOWER layer?
1. a)Teachers and students
2. b)The administration
3. c)The support staff (guards and cleaners) Correct answer
4. d)The principal
Explanation
From the book: "The support staff (like guards and cleaners) work at the base, keeping the school ready (like the lower layers working with hardware)."
25.
What are system libraries?
1. a)Physical shelves inside the computer
2. b)Collections of ready-made instructions that programs can use to perform common tasks Correct answer
3. c)Books about programming
4. d)Websites for downloading software
Explanation
From the book: "System libraries are collections of ready-made instructions that programs can use to perform common tasks, such as opening files or showing text on the screen."
26.
What are device drivers?
1. a)People who deliver computer parts
2. b)Programs that let the OS communicate with hardware devices such as printers, keyboards, and graphics cards Correct answer
3. c)A car simulation game
4. d)A type of hard disk
Explanation
From the book: "Device drivers are special programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices such as printers, keyboards, and graphics cards."
27.
According to the book, when a photo editing app needs to open an image, it uses:
1. a)A device driver
2. b)The operating system's library Correct answer
3. c)A graphical shell
4. d)Its own custom method
Explanation
From the book: "When a photo editing app needs to open an image, it uses the operating system's library to read the file. This way, the app does not have to create its own method to open pictures."

1.3 Process Management in Operating System (OS)

28.
In the FCFS scheduling method, processes are served:
1. a)Randomly
2. b)Shortest job first
3. c)In the order they arrive Correct answer
4. d)By priority only
Explanation
Book answer key: "c) - In the order they arrive". From the book: "In the FCFS method, the CPU processes tasks in the exact order they arrive. The first process to arrive is completed first, and the next process starts only after the previous one finishes."
29.
In an operating system, running programs are called:
1. a)Processes Correct answer
2. b)Files
3. c)Drivers
4. d)Shells
Explanation
From the book: "these running programs are called processes."
30.
Which of the following is NOT a stage in the process life cycle described in the book?
1. a)Creation
2. b)Execution
3. c)Compilation Correct answer
4. d)Termination
Explanation
From the book, the process life cycle has three stages: Creation, Execution, and Termination. Compilation is not part of it.
31.
During which stage does the OS load a program into memory and give it the resources (like CPU time and memory) it needs?
1. a)Termination
2. b)Creation Correct answer
3. c)Execution
4. d)Waiting
Explanation
From the book: "Creation: This happens when you start any program (like MS Word). The OS loads the program into memory and gives it the resources (like CPU time and memory) it needs."
32.
During termination, what does the operating system do with the resources of the finished process?
1. a)Keeps them locked
2. b)Sends them to disk permanently
3. c)Frees them so they can be used by other processes Correct answer
4. d)Deletes them forever
Explanation
From the book: "The OS frees the resources so they can be used by other processes."
33.
In the Google Chrome lifecycle example, when does Creation begin?
1. a)When the operating system boots up
2. b)When the user clicks the browser icon Correct answer
3. c)When the browser downloads an update
4. d)When the browser closes
Explanation
From the book: "Creation: Begins when the user clicks the browser icon. The operating system loads the program into memory and allocates the required resources."
34.
Which term describes when the OS lets more than one program be open and usable by a single user at the same time?
1. a)Multithreading
2. b)Multitasking Correct answer
3. c)Multiplexing
4. d)Multi-user
Explanation
From the book: "Multitasking: The operating system allows more than one program to be open and usable by a single user at the same time."
35.
The book compares concurrency to:
1. a)An instructor marking papers
2. b)A chef preparing three dishes, moving between them rapidly Correct answer
3. c)A queue at a shop counter
4. d)A car engine
Explanation
From the book: "Like a chef preparing three dishes, working on one for a short time, then moving to the next, and repeating, the CPU switches between processes so rapidly that the user does not notice any delay."
36.
In scheduling, the operating system must decide:
1. a)Which process should run first, and how long each process should run Correct answer
2. b)Which user should log in first
3. c)Which file to save first
4. d)Which shell to open
Explanation
From the book: "the operating system must decide: Which process should run first? How long each process should run."
37.
The book's real-world analogy for FCFS is:
1. a)A traffic signal
2. b)A queue at a shop counter Correct answer
3. c)An assembly line
4. d)A busy kitchen
Explanation
From the book: "Like a queue at a shop counter, the first customer in line is served first, then the next, and so on."
38.
Using the book's FCFS numerical example (P1: 5s, P2: 3s, P3: 2s), at what time does P3 finish?
1. a)5 seconds
2. b)8 seconds
3. c)10 seconds Correct answer
4. d)2 seconds
Explanation
From the book: "P3 starts and runs from 8s to 10s." P1 runs 0-5, P2 runs 5-8, P3 runs 8-10.
39.
According to the book, which characteristic of FCFS is illustrated by P3 having to wait even though it needs only 2 seconds?
1. a)FCFS always favours the shortest process
2. b)Shorter tasks can be delayed if they arrive after longer ones Correct answer
3. c)FCFS runs all processes in parallel
4. d)FCFS skips longer processes
Explanation
From the book Observation: "shorter tasks can be delayed if they arrive after longer ones."
40.
What is the "convoy effect" mentioned in the book?
1. a)A special feature of multitasking
2. b)Short processes waiting a long time when queued behind longer processes in FCFS Correct answer
3. c)The CPU processing multiple processes at once
4. d)When the OS crashes
Explanation
From the book Disadvantages: "Short processes may have to wait a long time if they are queued behind longer processes (known as the 'convoy effect')."
41.
According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, the CPU in your computer can switch between processes:
1. a)A few times per minute
2. b)About once per second
3. c)Millions of times in just one second Correct answer
4. d)Only when you click the mouse
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW: "The CPU in your computer can switch between processes millions of times in just one second."

1.4 Memory

42.
According to the book, what is the purpose of memory in a computer system?
1. a)To generate electricity
2. b)To store data and instructions required for processing Correct answer
3. c)To cool down the CPU
4. d)To display graphics on the screen
Explanation
From the book: "Memory is a fundamental component of a computer system, used to store data and instructions required for processing."
43.
Primary memory is also called:
1. a)Read Only Memory (ROM)
2. b)Random Access Memory (RAM) Correct answer
3. c)Cache Memory
4. d)Virtual Memory
Explanation
From the book: "Primary memory, also called Random Access Memory (RAM), is the main working area of a computer."
44.
What happens to data stored in RAM when the computer is turned off?
1. a)It is saved automatically
2. b)It is moved to virtual memory
3. c)It is erased Correct answer
4. d)It is compressed
Explanation
From the book: "Its data is erased when the computer is turned off."
45.
In the book's example, what happens when you open a Word document?
1. a)The computer copies it to a USB drive
2. b)The computer places the program and the document into RAM so the CPU can work on them right away Correct answer
3. c)The document is printed
4. d)The document is emailed to a backup server
Explanation
From the book: "When you open a Word document, the computer quickly places the program and the document into RAM so the CPU can work on them right away."
46.
When does the operating system use virtual memory?
1. a)When the computer starts
2. b)When the RAM is full Correct answer
3. c)When the user requests it manually
4. d)When the CPU is idle
Explanation
From the book: "When the RAM is full, the operating system uses part of the computer's storage drive... as virtual memory."
47.
Which of the following can be used as virtual memory according to the book?
1. a)The keyboard
2. b)The monitor
3. c)Hard drives, solid-state drives (SSD), or Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) Correct answer
4. d)The graphics card
Explanation
From the book: "the operating system uses part of the computer's storage drive (like Hard drives, solid-state drives (SSD), or Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)) as virtual memory."
48.
Why can using virtual memory reduce system performance?
1. a)Storage drives are faster than RAM
2. b)Storage drives operate at lower data transfer speeds and have higher access times as compared to RAM Correct answer
3. c)Virtual memory uses more electricity
4. d)Virtual memory heats up the CPU
Explanation
From the book: "Storage drives operate at lower data transfer speeds and have higher access times as compared to RAM; that's why the use of virtual memory can result in reduced system performance."
49.
When several programs are open simultaneously, the operating system may:
1. a)Close some programs automatically
2. b)Transfer data from less active programs to virtual memory Correct answer
3. c)Transfer data from active programs to virtual memory
4. d)Restart the computer
Explanation
From the book: "When several programs are open simultaneously, the operating system may transfer data from less active programs to virtual memory."
50.
According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, the first personal computer, the IBM 5150 (1981), had how much RAM?
1. a)16 KB Correct answer
2. b)16 MB
3. c)16 GB
4. d)640 KB
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW: "The first personal computer, the IBM 5150 (1981), was equipped with only 16 KB of RAM." Note: the book calls the IBM 5150 "the first personal computer"; it was the first IBM Personal Computer. Earlier personal computers existed, such as the Altair 8800 (1975) and the Apple II (1977).
51.
Modern DDR5 RAM can transfer data at speeds exceeding:
1. a)5 GB per second
2. b)500 MB per second
3. c)50 GB per second Correct answer
4. d)5 TB per second
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW: "modern DDR5 RAM can transfer data at speeds exceeding 50 GB per second."
52.
RAM is described in the book as:
1. a)A permanent storage area
2. b)The main working area of a computer where data is kept temporarily Correct answer
3. c)A backup device
4. d)An external device
Explanation
From the book: "Primary memory, also called Random Access Memory (RAM), is the main working area of a computer. It is a fast storage area where the computer keeps the data and instructions temporarily."

1.5 Processes and Threads

53.
Threads in the same process:
1. a)Have separate memory spaces
2. b)Share the same memory and resources Correct answer
3. c)Run on different OS
4. d)Cannot run simultaneously
Explanation
Book answer key: "b) - Share the same memory and resources". From the book: "All threads in the same process share the same memory and resources, but operate independently."
54.
What is a process?
1. a)A physical part of the CPU
2. b)An independent program that is currently being executed by the computer Correct answer
3. c)A file on the hard drive
4. d)A single instruction
Explanation
From the book: "A process is an independent program that is currently being executed by the computer."
55.
Which of the following does a process have according to the book?
1. a)Its own screen and keyboard
2. b)Its own memory space, CPU time, and other resources Correct answer
3. c)Its own operating system
4. d)Its own power supply
Explanation
From the book: "It has its own memory space CPU time, and other resources (such as files or network connections)."
56.
Why are processes isolated from one another?
1. a)To make them faster
2. b)To reduce memory usage
3. c)To ensure stability and security Correct answer
4. d)To make debugging easier
Explanation
From the book: "Processes are isolated from one another to ensure stability and security; a problem in one process generally does not affect another."
57.
What is a thread?
1. a)A physical wire inside the computer
2. b)The smallest unit of execution within a process Correct answer
3. c)An independent program
4. d)A backup copy of a process
Explanation
From the book: "A thread, on the other hand, is the smallest unit of execution within a process."
58.
In the book's web browser example, what is the entire browser application?
1. a)One thread
2. b)One process Correct answer
3. c)Multiple processes
4. d)An operating system
Explanation
From the book: "The entire browser application is one process."
59.
In the book's web browser example, which task is NOT one of the three threads described?
1. a)Loading and rendering a webpage
2. b)Playing audio or video content
3. c)Downloading files in the background
4. d)Encrypting the user's password Correct answer
Explanation
From the book, the three example threads are: one loading and rendering a webpage, one playing audio or video content, and another downloading files in the background. Encrypting passwords is not mentioned.
60.
Define Multithreading.
1. a)A type of RAM
2. b)An operating system technique that allows a single process to perform multiple tasks at the same time by dividing its work into smaller units called threads Correct answer
3. c)Running multiple processes at once
4. d)A method of storage compression
Explanation
From the book: "Multithreading is an operating system technique that allows a single process to perform multiple tasks at the same time by dividing its work into smaller units called threads."
61.
Which benefit of multithreading allows complex operations to complete more quickly through parallel execution?
1. a)Improved Responsiveness
2. b)Support for Concurrent Operations
3. c)Enhanced Performance Correct answer
4. d)Efficient Use of Resources
Explanation
From the book: "Enhanced Performance: Tasks can be divided into multiple threads and executed in parallel, allowing complex operations to complete more quickly and improving overall system efficiency."
62.
The book's example of Improved Responsiveness is:
1. a)A photo editor applying filters
2. b)A word processor enables continuous typing while another thread checks spelling in the background Correct answer
3. c)A video game rendering graphics
4. d)A file downloading in the background
Explanation
From the book: "Example: A word processor enables continuous typing while another thread checks spelling in the background."
63.
Support for Concurrent (parallel) Operations is particularly important in applications such as:
1. a)Simple calculators
2. b)Basic text editors
3. c)Games, video editing, and real-time communication tools Correct answer
4. d)Static image viewers
Explanation
From the book: "Support for Concurrent (parallel) Operations: Multiple tasks can progress during the same period, which is particularly important in applications such as games, video editing, and real-time communication tools."
64.
Why is multithreading efficient with system resources?
1. a)It uses less electricity than single-threaded code
2. b)Threads share the same memory space and resources of their parent process, requiring fewer system resources compared to creating separate processes Correct answer
3. c)It automatically compresses memory
4. d)It only runs on modern CPUs
Explanation
From the book: "Efficient Use of Resources: Threads share the same memory space and resources of their parent process, requiring fewer system resources compared to creating separate processes."

1.6 System Calls

65.
Which system call is used to create a new process?
1. a)Open
2. b)read
3. c)Write
4. d)fork Correct answer
Explanation
Book answer key: "d) - fork". From the book: "fork Creates a new process by duplicating an existing one."
66.
What is a system call?
1. a)A phone call between two computers
2. b)A request made by a program to the operating system to perform a specific task that the program cannot do directly Correct answer
3. c)A shortcut on the desktop
4. d)A type of hardware
Explanation
From the book: "A system call is a request made by a program to the operating system to perform a specific task that the program cannot do directly."
67.
System calls act as a bridge between:
1. a)Two computers on a network
2. b)The user's keyboard and mouse
3. c)User programs and the kernel Correct answer
4. d)Two monitors
Explanation
From the book: "They act as a bridge between user programs and the kernel, allowing applications to access hardware and core OS functions safely."
68.
What could happen if programs directly controlled hardware without system calls?
1. a)Programs would run faster
2. b)Programs would be unsafe and complex Correct answer
3. c)The screen would look brighter
4. d)Nothing would change
Explanation
From the book: "Without system calls, programs that directly control hardware can be unsafe and complex."
69.
In the book's example, what happens when you save a file in a text editor?
1. a)The program prints the file
2. b)The program uses a system call to tell the operating system to write the data to the storage drive Correct answer
3. c)The program emails the file
4. d)The program deletes the original file
Explanation
From the book: "When you save a file in a text editor, the program uses a system call to tell the operating system to write the data to the storage drive(like a Hard drive)."
70.
Which system call opens a file for reading or writing?
1. a)read
2. b)write
3. c)open Correct answer
4. d)fork
Explanation
From the book: "open Opens a file for reading or writing."
71.
Which system call retrieves data from a file or input device?
1. a)open
2. b)read Correct answer
3. c)write
4. d)fork
Explanation
From the book: "read Retrieves data from a file or input device."
72.
Which system call sends data to a file or output device?
1. a)open
2. b)read
3. c)write Correct answer
4. d)fork
Explanation
From the book: "write Sends data to a file or output device."
73.
The book's example for the `fork` system call is:
1. a)Copying a file
2. b)Opening a new browser tab, where the OS may use fork to create another process Correct answer
3. c)Saving a text document
4. d)Playing a video
Explanation
From the book: "Example: Opening a new browser tab, where the OS may use fork to create another process."
74.
According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, how many system calls do Linux and macOS have?
1. a)Nearly 2,000
2. b)A few hundred Correct answer
3. c)Millions
4. d)Just 4
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW: "Linux and macOS have a few hundred system calls, while Windows uses nearly 2,000."
75.
According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, roughly how many system calls does Windows use?
1. a)4
2. b)A few hundred
3. c)Nearly 2,000 Correct answer
4. d)One million
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW: "Windows uses nearly 2,000. These calls handle everything from opening files to running apps and showing graphics in the background while you work."

1.7 File System Structure and Management

76.
According to the book, what does a file system provide?
1. a)A way to install games faster
2. b)A structured way for users and applications to store, locate, and manage information on storage devices Correct answer
3. c)A tool for playing music
4. d)A way to shut down the computer
Explanation
From the book: "the file system, which provides a structured way for users and applications to store, locate, and manage information on storage devices."
77.
What is a file?
1. a)A hardware device
2. b)A collection of related data stored on a computer Correct answer
3. c)A part of the CPU
4. d)A password
Explanation
From the book: "A file is a collection of related data stored on a computer. It may contain text, images, audio, video, or program instructions."
78.
Which of the following can a file contain according to the book?
1. a)Only text
2. b)Only images
3. c)Text, images, audio, video, or program instructions Correct answer
4. d)Only videos
Explanation
From the book: "It may contain text, images, audio, video, or program instructions."
79.
A folder is also called a:
1. a)File
2. b)Directory Correct answer
3. c)Metadata
4. d)Driver
Explanation
From the book: "A folder (also called a directory) is a container used to organize files and other folders in a logical structure."
80.
What is metadata?
1. a)The content inside a file
2. b)The actual data of a photo or video
3. c)Details about a file or folder, such as its name, type, size, date of creation, and date of last modification Correct answer
4. d)The operating system's password
Explanation
From the book: "Metadata refers to details about a file, folder, such as its name, type, size, date of creation, and date of last modification."
81.
How does metadata help the operating system and the user?
1. a)By encrypting the file
2. b)By identifying and managing files/folders without opening them Correct answer
3. c)By deleting old files
4. d)By compressing images
Explanation
From the book: "This information helps both the operating system and the user identify and manage files/ folders without opening them."
82.
Which file system does Windows OS use, according to the book?
1. a)FAT 32
2. b)NTFS Correct answer
3. c)APFS
4. d)EXT4
Explanation
From the book: "NTFS - Used by Windows OS."
83.
Which file system is commonly used by macOS?
1. a)NTFS
2. b)EXT4
3. c)APFS / HFS+ Correct answer
4. d)FAT 32
Explanation
From the book: "APFS / HFS+ - Used by macOS."
84.
Which file system is commonly used by Linux OS?
1. a)NTFS
2. b)FAT 32
3. c)APFS
4. d)EXT4 Correct answer
Explanation
From the book: "EXT4 - Commonly used by Linux OS."
85.
Which file system is typically used in USB flash drives according to the book?
1. a)NTFS
2. b)APFS
3. c)FAT 32 Correct answer
4. d)EXT4
Explanation
From the book: "FAT 32 - Used in USB flash drives"
86.
The choice of file system affects:
1. a)Only the colour of the icons
2. b)Performance, storage capacity, and security features Correct answer
3. c)The keyboard layout
4. d)The speed of the internet
Explanation
From the book: "The choice of file system affects performance, storage capacity, and security features."
87.
The book compares saving a photo on your computer to:
1. a)A courier delivering a parcel
2. b)A librarian placing a book in the right section and knowing where to locate it later Correct answer
3. c)A chef preparing a meal
4. d)A driver parking a car
Explanation
From the book: "just like a librarian placing a book in the right section and knowing where to locate it later."
88.
According to the book, a well-designed file system ensures that data remains:
1. a)Compressed and encrypted
2. b)Organized, secure, and easily retrievable Correct answer
3. c)Duplicated and archived
4. d)Deleted regularly
Explanation
From the book: "A well-designed file system ensures that data remains organized, secure, and easily retrievable, even when there are thousands of files contain complex data."

1.8 Types of Operating Systems

89.
According to the book, why are there different types of operating systems?
1. a)Because each brand wants its own OS
2. b)Because operating systems are designed according to the needs of the device and the work it performs Correct answer
3. c)Because programmers get bored of one design
4. d)Because hardware changes every year
Explanation
From the book: "Operating systems are designed according to the needs of the device and the work it performs. Each type serves a different purpose and is optimized for specific tasks."
90.
A Real-Time Operating System is designed to:
1. a)Support the most number of apps
2. b)Process data and respond within a strict time limit, known as a deadline Correct answer
3. c)Save maximum battery
4. d)Print documents faster
Explanation
From the book: "A Real-Time Operating System is designed to process data and respond within a strict time limit, known as a deadline."
91.
The key feature of a Real-Time OS is that it:
1. a)Queues tasks and processes them slowly
2. b)Processes tasks immediately as they arrive, without long waiting times Correct answer
3. c)Runs only in fullscreen mode
4. d)Only runs on smartphones
Explanation
From the book: "Key Feature: Processes tasks immediately as they arrive, without long waiting times."
92.
Which of the following is an example use of a Real-Time OS according to the book?
1. a)A gaming console
2. b)A social media app
3. c)Air traffic control, heart-monitoring devices, or industrial robots Correct answer
4. d)A word processor
Explanation
From the book: "Used in: Critical systems such as air traffic control, heart-monitoring devices, or industrial robots."
93.
An Embedded OS is:
1. a)A general-purpose OS for laptops
2. b)A small and highly efficient operating system built into a specific device to control only the functions it needs Correct answer
3. c)A backup copy of another OS
4. d)A special version of Windows
Explanation
From the book: "An Embedded OS is a small and highly efficient operating system built into a specific device to control only the functions it needs."
94.
Which is NOT listed as a device that uses an Embedded OS in the book?
1. a)Microwaves
2. b)Washing machines
3. c)Printers
4. d)Desktop computers Correct answer
Explanation
From the book: "Used in: Home appliances (microwaves, washing machines), printers, smart TVs, and ATMs." Desktop computers are not listed as embedded devices.
95.
The key feature of an Embedded OS is that it:
1. a)Runs thousands of apps
2. b)Uses very little memory and power, and is often stored permanently inside the device Correct answer
3. c)Only works when connected to the internet
4. d)Has full multitasking support
Explanation
From the book: "Key Feature: Uses very little memory and power, and is often stored permanently inside the device."
96.
A Network Operating System:
1. a)Runs on one standalone laptop
2. b)Manages and supports multiple computers connected through a network Correct answer
3. c)Is only for gaming servers
4. d)Runs inside the phone
Explanation
From the book: "A Network OS manages and supports multiple computers connected through a network."
97.
Which of the following is the key feature of a Network OS according to the book?
1. a)Multiple accounts on one machine
2. b)Focuses on communication and coordination between computers Correct answer
3. c)Uses very little memory
4. d)Runs only real-time tasks
Explanation
From the book: "Key Feature: Focuses on communication and coordination between computers."
98.
The book's example of a Network OS in action is:
1. a)A microwave heating food
2. b)A pilot controlling a plane
3. c)A school computer lab where students use different computers but save files to the same server and print from the same printer Correct answer
4. d)A camera taking a photo
Explanation
From the book: "In a school computer lab, students use different computers, but all can save files to the same server and print from the same printer, thanks to the Network OS."
99.
A Mobile OS is optimized for:
1. a)Server workloads
2. b)Touch-screen use, battery saving, and mobile apps Correct answer
3. c)Only voice commands
4. d)Only landline phones
Explanation
From the book: "It is optimized for touch-screen use, battery saving, and mobile apps."
100.
The key feature of a Mobile OS is that it:
1. a)Uses very little memory
2. b)Supports wireless connectivity, cameras, sensors, and app stores Correct answer
3. c)Only runs one app at a time
4. d)Runs only when plugged in
Explanation
From the book: "Key Feature: Supports wireless connectivity, cameras, sensors, and app stores."
101.
According to the DO YOU KNOW box, which of the very first mobile operating systems was used in early Nokia phones?
1. a)Android
2. b)iOS
3. c)Symbian Correct answer
4. d)Windows Mobile
Explanation
From the book DO YOU KNOW: "The very first mobile operating systems, like Symbian (used in early Nokia phones), could only run a few small apps."

Exercise from the book

102.
Which is NOT an example of an operating system?
Book exercise
1. a)Linux
2. b)Windows
3. c)Photoshop Correct answer
4. d)macOS
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: c) - Photoshop. Topic 1.1 (page 2): "Operating System (OS) is a type of system software that manages hardware, runs application software, and provides a user interface like Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS". Linux, Windows and macOS are in this list; Photoshop is not.
103.
In multi-user environments, the OS ensures:
Book exercise
1. a)Equal access and data privacy Correct answer
2. b)All users share the same files
3. c)Hardware is never used
4. d)Internet speed is increased
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: a) - Equal access and data privacy. Topic 1.1 (page 3), "The operating system ensures": "Keeps each user's files and information private." and "Shares the computer's resources fairly so that no one slows down the systems functionalities."
104.
In Windows, user accounts can be created via:
Book exercise
1. a)Task Manager
2. b)Control Panel or Settings Correct answer
3. c)Disk Management
4. d)BIOS settings
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: b) - Control Panel or Settings. Topic 1.1 (page 3): "In most modern OS like Windows, a new account can be created through the Settings or Control Panel by selecting User Accounts, choosing Add New User, and entering details like username, password, and account type(Standard, Administrative, Guest)."
105.
The core part of the OS that interacts directly with hardware is the:
Book exercise
1. a)Shell
2. b)Kernel Correct answer
3. c)Device Driver
4. d)System Library
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: b) - Kernel. Topic 1.2 (page 3): "The kernel is the core part of the operating system, that directly controls the computer's system software and hardware such as the CPU, memory, and devices."
106.
A graphical shell allows the user to:
Book exercise
1. a)Type commands only
2. b)Click icons and use menus Correct answer
3. c)Interact only via code
4. d)Access only the BIOS
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: b) - Click icons and use menus. Topic 1.2 (page 4): "Graphical shells (like Windows desktop) where you click icons and use menus."
107.
In the FCFS scheduling method, processes are served:
Book exercise
1. a)Randomly
2. b)Shortest job first
3. c)In the order they arrive Correct answer
4. d)By priority only
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: c) - In the order they arrive. Topic 1.3 (page 7): "In the FCFS method, the CPU processes tasks in the exact order they arrive."
108.
Threads in the same process:
Book exercise
1. a)Have separate memory spaces
2. b)Share the same memory and resources Correct answer
3. c)Run on different OS
4. d)Cannot run simultaneously
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: b) - Share the same memory and resources. Topic 1.5 (page 11): "All threads in the same process share the same memory and resources, but operate independently."
109.
Which system call is used to create a new process?
Book exercise
1. a)Open
2. b)read
3. c)Write
4. d)fork Correct answer
Explanation
From book page 19 Answer Key: d) - fork. Topic 1.6 (page 12): "fork Creates a new process by duplicating an existing one."

1.1 Introduction to Operating System (OS)

Which is NOT an example of an operating system?

In multi-user environments, the OS ensures:

In Windows, user accounts can be created via:

What is an Operating System (OS)?

The book compares the operating system to a:

As the central system controller, the OS decides all of the following EXCEPT:

Why does the OS act as a translator?

When you press the letter A on a keyboard, the operating system converts it into which binary code?

In a multi-user environment, the OS ensures all of the following EXCEPT:

Which are the three account types mentioned in the book for modern OS like Windows?

In a school computer lab, why is each student given a separate username and password?

Computers understand:

Which statement best describes how the OS handles a click on an icon?

1.2 Architecture of an Operating System

The core part of the OS that interacts directly with hardware is the:

A graphical shell allows the user to:

What does the architecture of an operating system describe?

The book compares the architecture of an OS to:

In the book's car analogy, what is compared to the kernel?

What is the shell in an operating system?

Which of the following is a graphical shell?

Command-line shells are places where the user:

In an OS design divided into layers, which layer works DIRECTLY with the hardware?

Which layer runs applications and provides the interface that the user views on the screen?

In the school analogy for OS layers, who represents the LOWER layer?

What are system libraries?

What are device drivers?

According to the book, when a photo editing app needs to open an image, it uses:

1.3 Process Management in Operating System (OS)

In the FCFS scheduling method, processes are served:

In an operating system, running programs are called:

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the process life cycle described in the book?

During which stage does the OS load a program into memory and give it the resources (like CPU time and memory) it needs?

During termination, what does the operating system do with the resources of the finished process?

In the Google Chrome lifecycle example, when does Creation begin?

Which term describes when the OS lets more than one program be open and usable by a single user at the same time?

The book compares concurrency to:

In scheduling, the operating system must decide:

The book's real-world analogy for FCFS is:

Using the book's FCFS numerical example (P1: 5s, P2: 3s, P3: 2s), at what time does P3 finish?

According to the book, which characteristic of FCFS is illustrated by P3 having to wait even though it needs only 2 seconds?

What is the "convoy effect" mentioned in the book?

According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, the CPU in your computer can switch between processes:

1.4 Memory

According to the book, what is the purpose of memory in a computer system?

Primary memory is also called:

What happens to data stored in RAM when the computer is turned off?

In the book's example, what happens when you open a Word document?

When does the operating system use virtual memory?

Which of the following can be used as virtual memory according to the book?

Why can using virtual memory reduce system performance?

When several programs are open simultaneously, the operating system may:

According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, the first personal computer, the IBM 5150 (1981), had how much RAM?

Modern DDR5 RAM can transfer data at speeds exceeding:

RAM is described in the book as:

1.5 Processes and Threads

Threads in the same process:

What is a process?

Which of the following does a process have according to the book?

Why are processes isolated from one another?

What is a thread?

In the book's web browser example, what is the entire browser application?

In the book's web browser example, which task is NOT one of the three threads described?

Define Multithreading.

Which benefit of multithreading allows complex operations to complete more quickly through parallel execution?

The book's example of Improved Responsiveness is:

Support for Concurrent (parallel) Operations is particularly important in applications such as:

Why is multithreading efficient with system resources?

1.6 System Calls

Which system call is used to create a new process?

What is a system call?

System calls act as a bridge between:

What could happen if programs directly controlled hardware without system calls?

In the book's example, what happens when you save a file in a text editor?

Which system call opens a file for reading or writing?

Which system call retrieves data from a file or input device?

Which system call sends data to a file or output device?

The book's example for the `fork` system call is:

According to the book's DO YOU KNOW box, how many system calls do Linux and macOS have?